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Characteristics of offender
(Note: According to the legal systems of the United States, Hispanic and/or Latin American persons are referred to as white.)For 2011, law enforcement made approximately 12,400,000 arrests nationally.[15] Arrested offenders in the United States tend to be male,[16] over age 18,[17] and white.[18]
| Year | White | Black | American Indian |
Asian or Pacific Islander |
White (%) | Black (%) | American Indian (%) |
Asian or Pacific Islander (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 6,578,133 | 2,697,539 | 142,422 | 81,631 | 69.2 | 28.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 |
For violent crime by race in 2011, 59.4% of those arrested were white, 38.3% were black, and 2.2% were of other races.[18] For persons arrested for homicide in 2011, 49.7% were black, 48% were white, and 2.3% were of other races.[18] For persons arrested for rape in 2011, 65% were white, 32.9% were black, and 2.1% were of other races.[18] For property crime in 2011, 68.1% of arrested persons were white, 29.5% were black, and 2.4% were of other races.[18]
In 2011, law enforcement reported 6,222 bias-motivated incidents, known as hate crimes, for which 5,731 offenders were identified.[19] Of these, 59% were white, 20.9% were black, 7.1% were of various races, 1.4% were Asian or Pacific Islanders, 0.8% were Native American, and 10.8% were of unknown race.[19]
Classification of Hispanics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States
The UCR (Uniform Crime Reports) classifies most Hispanics into the "white" category. The NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) classifies some Hispanic criminals as "white" and some as "other race".
Hispanics
According to a 2009 report by the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2007 Latinos "accounted for 40% of all sentenced federal offenders-more than triple their share (13%) of the total U.S. adult population". This was an increase from 24% in 1991. 72% of the Latino offenders were not U.S. citizens. For Hispanic offenders sentenced in federal courts, 48% were immigration offenses and 37% drug offenses. One reason for the large increase in immigration offenses is that they exclusively fall under federal jurisdiction.[23]Crime trends
Some studies had argued for smaller racial disparities in violent crime in recent times. However, a 2011 study which examined the racial disparities in violent crime and incarceration from 1980 and 2008 found little difference for black share of violent offending. Racial imbalances between arrest rates and sentencing have caused some to question the disparities. The authors argued that the prior studies had been confounded by not separating Hispanics from Whites. The number of Hispanic offenders has been increasing rapidly and have violence rates higher than that of Whites but lower than that of Blacks.[24] Another recent study in 2012 raises a different concern, showing that Hispanics and blacks receive considerably longer sentences for the same or lesser offenses per average than white offenders with equal or greater criminal records.[25][26]Youth gangs
The "National Youth Gang Survey Analysis" (2009) state that of gang members, 49% are Hispanic/Latino, 35% are African-American/black, 9% are white, and 7% are other race/ethnicity.[27]Prison data
Further information: Incarceration in the United States
According to the BJS non-Hispanic blacks accounted for 39.4% of the prison and jail population in 2009.[28] Hispanics (of all races) were 15.9% of those incarcerated in 2009.[28] Hispanics comprised 16.3% of the US population according to the 2010 US census.[29][30] According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics
from 2000 to 2008 the rate of prevalence of incarceration for blacks
declined to 3,161 per 100,000 and the white rate slightly increase to
487 per 100,000.[31]
In 2009 American Indians and Alaskan Natives were jailed, paroled, or
on probation at 932 per 100,000, 25% higher than for non-Indians/Natives
(747), up 5.6% that year and 12% higher than 2007.[32] However, crime in general declined during this time down to near 1970 levels, an 18% decrease from the previous decade.[33]
(US Imprisonment Rates by Race, Age, and Gender, 2011) "In 2011,
imprisonment rates among age and racial groups tended to increase
through age 34 before declining (table 8). The imprisonment rates
indicate that about 0.5% of all white males, more than 3.0% of all black
males, and 1.2% of all Hispanic males were imprisoned in 2011. Between
6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011,
which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race,
Hispanic origin, and age groups. Slightly fewer than 3% of Hispanic
males were imprisoned in each of the age cohorts between ages 25 and 39.
"In 2011, blacks and Hispanics were imprisoned at higher rates than
whites in all age groups for both male and female inmates. Among
prisoners ages 18 to 19, black males were imprisoned at more than 9
times the rate of white males. In 2011, Hispanic and black male
prisoners age 65 or older were imprisoned at rates between 3 and 5 times
those of white males. Excluding the youngest and oldest age groups,
black males were imprisoned at rates that ranged between 5 and 7 times
the rates of white males. Among persons ages 20 to 24, black males were
imprisoned at about 7 times that of white males. Among persons ages 60
to 64, the black male imprisonment rate was 5 times that of the white
male imprisonment rate. In comparison, Hispanic males were imprisoned at
2 to 3 times the rate of white males in 2011. Black females were
imprisoned at between 2 and 3 times the rate of white females, while
Hispanic females were imprisoned at between 1 and 3 times the rate of
white females."Source: Carson, E. Ann, and Sabol, William J., "Prisoners in 2011" (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, Dec. 2012), NCJ239808, p. 8. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/p11.pdf
For men in their early thirties, African-Americans are more than twice as likely to have a prison record than whites. They are more than twice as likely to have been in prison (8.4 percent) than in the military (3.2 percent). African Americans are given longer federal sentences, even when factoring prior criminal records. African American jail sentences tend to be roughly 10% longer than white jail sentences for the same crimes.[34] According to the US Census Bureau as of the year 2000 there were 2,224,181 blacks enrolled in college.[35] In that same year there were only 610,300 black inmates in prison according to the Bureau of Justice.[36] 12.5 percent have a bachelor’s degree.[citation needed] The results are highly dependent on education. 30 percent of those without college education and nearly 60 percent of high school dropouts had prison records.[37]
White Hispanic and Latino Americans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_AmericansIn the United States, a White Hispanic or White Latino[17] is a citizen or resident who is racially white and of Hispanic descent. White American, itself an official U.S. racial category, refers to people "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa" who reside in the United States.[18]
Based on the definitions created by the Office of Management and Budget and the U.S. Census Bureau, the concepts of race and ethnicity are mutually independent, and respondents to the census and other Census Bureau surveys are asked to answer both questions. Hispanicity is independent of race, and constitutes an ethnicity category, as opposed to a racial category, the only one of which that is officially collated by the U.S. Census Bureau. For the Census Bureau, Ethnicity distinguishes between those who report ancestral origins in Spain or Hispanic America (Hispanic and Latino Americans), and those who do not (Non-Hispanic Americans).[19][20] The U.S. Census Bureau asks each resident to report the "race or races with which they most closely identify."[21]
White Americans are therefore divided between "White Hispanic" and "Non Hispanic White," the former consisting of White Americans who report Hispanophone ancestry (Spain and Hispanic Latin America), and the latter consisting of White Americans who do not report Hispanophone ancestry.
As of 2010, 50.5 million or 16.3% of Americans were ethnically Hispanic or Latino.[15] Of those, 26.7 million, or 53%, were White.
